Determination of prostate-specific antigen

Prostatitis-specific antigen is a protein component produced by prostate cells. With changes that differ from normal indicators, patients are diagnosed with an inflamed process, hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and hypertrophy. An increase in the general level of indicators does not always indicate malignant neoplasms. Most often, such testing is prescribed for patients with hypertrophy. Thanks to such a test, a specialist confirms or refutes suspicions of a pathological phenomenon.

Definition of PSA

PSA is a prostate-specific antigen. This testing is the most reliable and informative. This plasma index is used to clarify the diagnosis. The antigen is produced at the cellular level by the epithelium of the gland (male). The definition of the prostatic substance is a protein.

The physiology of protein lies in its effect on the juice of the prostate gland. The active work of enzymes has a positive effect on the functional capacity of the sperm. When the analysis shows an exceeded dog, the patients are prescribed a series of tests that will help the specialist in diagnosing the recognition of the pathological process.

Namely:

• benign hyperplasia;
• prostatitis.

The norm of the indicator cannot be higher than 3.9 ng. An analysis with an increased level of testing is observed in men who are diagnosed with cancer in the prostate gland. With an increased dog, an oncological process is also suspected.

A timely analysis of the dog allows us to establish a more accurate diagnosis with the appointment of therapeutic therapy at the initial stage of the developing pathology. Doctors recommend that men after 55 years of age do an analysis of the dog, with a genetic disposition to oncology, the delivery of such an analysis is prescribed after 45 years.

Test Varieties

Prostate-specific protein - antigen can be detected in plasma in three states:

• in a free state, when the substance does not combine with blood proteins;
• in connection with chymotrypsin (a highly active plasma enzyme);
• with macroglobulins (blood proteins).

These compounds are the main indicators in the diagnosis of the prostate gland, having several types:

• general analysis of the canine - protein (prostate-specific antigen), which is in a free state and together with chymotrypsin;
• the dog is common, in relation to the free one.

When a specialist assigns to take testing for a dog, he must indicate which analysis is needed from the presented varieties of 3 states. There is an extended test that includes two indicators (free and the ratio of total to free). To obtain more accurate results, patients are required to follow the doctor's recommendations for preparing themselves for testing.

How to prepare for the test

Any specialized specialist wants to get a reliable result. In order to avoid an erroneous indicator, alcohol, even the weakest, should not be taken a couple of days before donating blood. You should give up nicotine, spicy and fried foods.

Testing is performed on an empty stomach. Therefore, sutra cannot be eaten, one can only drink non-carbonated water. A few days before taking the test, you should stop jogging in the morning, take a break from sports, exclude all physical activity. Sexual intercourse is also excluded.

How the plasma is donated

For testing, venous blood is taken, only until 11.00 in the morning. Since during this period of time, plasma bodies are almost not destroyed.

It is strictly forbidden to take the test if the prostate was examined by the finger method 10 days before. There are other contraindications for taking the test.

• Cytoscopy.
• Massaging the prostate.
• Effects on the prostate gland with a laser.
• Colonoscopy.
• Ergometry.
• Transrectal ultrasound examination.
• The result of the analysis will not be accurate if the patient has urological pathological processes.
• Oncological diseases.
• Heart attack.
• Inflammation of the male gland.
• Hyperplasia, benign.

Consideration of the result

You should be aware of the fact that the resulting overstated rate is the first sign of the existing pathology. The norm will also be increased in the elderly.

The norm may become overestimated from taking certain medications, as some of them alter the level. The rate changes when the prostate is exposed to a laser.

False, positive test

False indicators are noted not only due to oncology, but with prostatitis, prostate adenoma.Do not forget that even an ordinary examination of the prostate gland by palpation contributes to the modification of testing. More accurate indicators are under close scrutiny of science. The test is constantly being improved in scientific laboratories.

Providing a more accurate analysis of the dog will allow for a more accurate assessment of the free dog to antigen. To date, it is already known that overestimated binding to the antigen is characteristic of oncological diseases, and an increase in the free indicator rate indicates the presence of prostate adenoma.

What should be the indicators when testing (normal)

Average values of the norm cannot exceed 4 ng. When testing is performed, the age ratio of the patient must be taken into account. What should be the norm indicators, given the age of men?

Guidelines for age prostate-specific antigen:

• From 42 to 49 years old - 0-2.4 ng;
• 51-62 - 0-3.4 ng;
• 60-68 - 0-4.3 ng;
• 70-82 - 4-6.2 ng.

Excess antigen is associated not only with age, but also with an increased volume of the prostate (male gland) due to benign neoplasms. This is how pathology is diagnosed in patients with BPH.

Are there any other tests

The test result is not a lifeline to save lives. Doctors are very controversial about this reality. Moreover, there is no economic benefit for the state. The research conducted around this testing is aimed at finding a more effective and specific marker. However, no better testing has yet been found.

There is nothing to replace the analysis of the dog with the detection of prostate cancer. And those markers that are found have a higher cost than they differ from the analysis of the dog. However, it is safe to say that science does not stand still and the fight against an oncological panacea is underway.

How can a dog recognize early cancer

Localization of cancer on the prostate practically does not cause clinical symptoms, pathology usually does not manifest itself in any way. men's health does not fail, patients feel good. With a biopsy, doctors usually initiate abnormal results with a digital, rectal examination of the prostate. Referring to the digital examination, the abnormal results of the dog are also not emphasized. This suggests that clinical practice with tests for the detection of oncology includes plasma measurements of the dog, rectal examination (palpation), ultrasound (transrectal).

Independent variable diagnosis of prostate cancer is done by analysis of the dog. If the level of the dog is high, then this indicates the likelihood of cancer. However, if an abnormal result is obtained, additional research should be carried out. Since the definitive diagnosis of an oncological tumor is confirmed by the presence of cancer cells found on biopsies and surgical specimens.

Generally, at a dog level of 4.0 ng, doctors begin to suspect pathology

When the level rises above 10 ng, experts practically do not doubt suspicions of cancer. However, in some cases, it was noted that prostate cancer was detected with a result of less than 4 units. This explains the fact that medical professionals use a low threshold.

Study of a patient over 55 years old after rectal examination, with an average probability of a malignant formation detected during a biopsy of the prostate gland, the level of the dog has the following picture.

The increased specificity of testing a dog at the initial diagnosis of prostate cancer has several modifications of the dog (in the blood, in terms of the ratio from free to total, measurement of changes in time space).

Due to the fact that the cancer grows with the level of the dog, there is no threshold value. Therefore, men cannot be sure that cancer is absent at normal rates. More research is needed.

Definition of PCAZ

There is one of the new PCAS markers. It differs from the dog in that it can surpass the detection of cancer in its initial form. Initially, RSAZ was used to detect cancer-affected tissues by comparing them with healthy tissues.

PSA is tested for plasma material, and RSAZ for urine, which is obtained after massaging the prostate. The main advantage of PCAS is the highest sensitivity with specificity compared to the dog.

PCAS may be useful for those patients who have had a negative biopsy with an elevated PSA. In other words, with the help of PCAS, doctors will be able to reduce the number of unusable biopsies that are generated by non-specific, positive screening. However, today, research on this marker is underway on an experimental level.