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Canine with low-grade prostate cancer

PSA levels in prostate cancer: normal indicators during treatment

Prostate cancer is one of the most severe, dangerous and common oncological diseases among the male population.

According to statistics, every year over four hundred thousand cases of this disease are recorded in the world, and in a number of countries it ranks second after lung and gastrointestinal cancer.

In this regard, it is very important to pay attention to timely diagnosis: examination, instrumental methods, ultrasound and laboratory tests, including PSA.

What is this indicator?

In the body, PSA (prostate specific antigen) is a protein produced by cells in the prostate ducts. This is a necessary component of the ejaculate, which, after ejaculation, performs the function of liquefying the sperm, which is important for the fertilization of the egg.

It plays a special role in laboratory diagnostics. The PSA value for Prostate cancer is one of the most accurate tests to confirm the disease. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain tumor markers of prostate cancer from blood serum and use it as a material for diagnosing prostate cancer and adenoma.

The analysis is especially important for men over 40-45 years old. Experts recommend that this category of citizens take it annually, since the risk of a tumor increases with age, and its initial stages are often asymptomatic. According to statistics, more than 50% of men learn about the development of oncology by chance, during preventive diagnostics.

When is the analysis scheduled?

A specialist can prescribe an analysis in the following cases:

If a tumor is suspected after a digital examination, ultrasound and other methods of examining the prostate. As a preventive diagnosis recommended for men over 41-45 years old. When the patient complains about the appearance of specific symptoms characteristic of prostate diseases: Frequent urination (especially at night). Soreness in the groin. Instillation of urine, etc. If the patient has been diagnosed with cancer, the analysis will be needed to monitor how the body responds to the chosen treatment tactics. Thus, a decrease in this indicator will indicate an improvement in the patient's condition, the effectiveness of the chosen therapeutic technique.

How to prepare for diagnostics?

When scheduling an analysis, it is important to know that improper preparation can affect the reliability of the results:

Due date, price

Taking the material is no different from simply taking venous blood, after which it is placed in a special labeled tube and sent to the laboratory for analysis.

The deadline and cost may vary, depending on the chosen clinic or laboratory. As a rule, the result comes in 2-4 working days

What are normal readings?

It is important for the patient to know that the indicators increase with age.

This is a normal physiological process that does not indicate pathology:

In men under the age of fifty, PSA should not exceed 2.5 ng / ml; From 50 to 60 years old, the result is considered to be no higher than 3.5 ng / ml; From 60 to 70 years, the result should not exceed 4.5 ng / ml; After seventy years, it can rise to 6.5 without indicating pathology. For a more accurate result, specialists introduced the concept of density.

It is calculated according to a special formula, dividing the value of the prostate-specific antigen by the volume of the organ that produces it. If the density does not exceed 0.15 ng/mg per cubic centimeter, then it is considered normal.

Despite the fears of many patients, an excess of PSA may not always indicate the development of a cancerous tumor.

The reason for this may be:

PSA for prostate cancer

As already mentioned, any deviations from the norm may indicate the development of a serious pathology (even being in a preclinical form).

PSA levels in prostate cancer are normal:

After treatment

The PSA level after prostate cancer surgery, with a favorable rehabilitation period, the indicator will begin to decrease.

PSA after removal of prostate cancer is normal: their amount can be 0.2 nanograms in the blood and even less.

The value by the standards of European doctors should not exceed 0.7 nanograms. If the PSA remains still high, the body has begun to relapse.

This condition is very dangerous and requires constant monitoring and the appointment of the right therapeutic measures.

Sign after brachytherapy

PSA after brachytherapy for prostate cancer does not begin to decrease as quickly as after radical surgery. However, PSA allows you to check the effectiveness of the procedures. If the value has decreased by one unit, the risk of recurrence of the disease over the next five years will remain low.Do not rush to conclusions, since the PSA level reaches its minimum value only 2-3 years after the radiation procedures performed.

In prostate cancer, PSA is one of the most important in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. It is especially important to pay attention to this for men over 45-50 years old. Controlling the content of PSA in blood can prevent the development of severe pathology, detect it in a timely manner and prescribe the correct treatment.

Level of dog in prostate cancer

PSA detection in patients with prostate cancer

One of the most common methods used for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, along with physical (finger rectal examination) and echographic (TRUS), is the determination of PSA. The method for determining the prostate specific antigen has been used for more than 30 years and allows diagnosing adenocarcinoma at stages I-II of prostate cancer without the formation of metastases. In this case, radical methods of treatment - prostatectomy - have favorable prognosis. The most modern non-invasive methods, such as ultrasound ablation and the TOOKAD method, do not affect the patient's quality of life.

Physiology

Prostate specific antigen is a protein enzyme that is secreted physiologically by the excretory ducts of the prostate gland to reduce the viscosity of semen. It is contained in seminal fluid and prostate secretion - about 2.5-6.5 ng / ml, depending on the age of the patient, and is determined in peripheral blood.

A small amount of PSA enters the bloodstream due to the permeability of the cell membranes of the prostate gland, and its trace amounts are secreted by other organs, such as the paraurethral and mammary glands. Ejaculation, as well as mechanical stimulation of the prostate, physiologically increases the production of prostate-specific antigen to improve reproductive efficiency, and its level in the blood increases.

In the peripheral blood, PSA is found in a free state and bound to plasma proteins. As a rule, the percentage of free PSA to the total amount of antigen is determined in the laboratory.

Preparing for research

For analysis, blood is taken from a vein. To improve the accuracy of the determination, it is preferable to take a blood test on an empty stomach or not earlier than 3-4 hours after a meal.

In order to obtain objective data, the patient must avoid ejaculation two days before the proposed study. Since mechanical stimulation of the prostate physiologically increases the level of prostate-specific antigen, screening is prescribed before or not earlier than 7 days after:

• massage;
• biopsy;
• digital examination through the rectum;
• TRUS;
• laser therapy;
• colonoscopy.

Some medications, such as Finasteride, significantly lower PSA, so these patients are not usually tested.

Clinical significance

PSA is a prostate-specific indicator that does not belong to specific tumor markers and is not directly related to certain prostate pathologies. For example, benign prostatic hyperplasia in older men causes an increase in PSA. To take this factor into account, the PSA density index is calculated - the ratio of its concentration to the size of the prostate. The density of PSA normally does not exceed 0.15 ng / ml / cm3.

In pathological conditions, for example, during an inflammatory process, due to an increase in the permeability of vascular membranes and damage to the epithelium, the level of prostate specific antigen will be increased.

An increased amount of PSA in prostate cancer is produced by cancer cells, and is also released into the blood due to the destruction of cell membranes by a growing tumor. The PSA level varies from 30 to 70 ng / ml depending on the stage of prostate cancer, but is not a reliable indicator.

The ratio of free/bound PSA is considered specific to the oncological process, which is due to the ability of tumor cells to produce an antigen associated with blood plasma proteins, as well as the dynamics of PSA growth over several years. PSA prostate cancer alone cannot diagnose prostate cancer. A reliable analysis for prostate cancer is exclusively a biopsy.

At what PSA can prostate cancer be suspected? A PSA level in a blood test above 50 ng / ml often indicates an advanced stage of prostate cancer with the formation of metastases.

How to lower PSA in prostate cancer? No way. It does not need to be reduced, it is generally a secondary indicator. It is necessary to treat cancer, not to reduce the level of prostate specific antigen. If there are no metastases after prostatectomy, the PSA level will decrease, which will mean that the treatment is effective.

As the most informative indicator, PSA in prostate cancer is used to monitor the patient's condition during adenocarcinoma treatment and the presence of metastases after prostatectomy.

Modern Evaluation of PSA Diagnosis

However, in some countries, in particular in the USA, PSA testing in healthy men is not recommended, as the expected risks of testing may outweigh the potential benefits, lead to overdiagnosis and treatment, and worsen the patient's quality of life.

What does this mean for the patient? In 30% of cases with an elevated PSA level, adenocarcinoma is diagnosed based on the results of a biopsy, and about 5% of these patients, even in the case of adequate treatment, die within 10 years. It should be borne in mind that with prostate cancer there are no pronounced symptoms, and the life of an undiagnosed patient for the same 10 years will not differ in any way from the life of a healthy person.

What does a patient with an elevated prostate specific antigen receive as a result of the analysis? At a minimum, neurotic and cardiovascular complications: cancer is a terrible word. Still - a painful biopsy, possible false-positive results and misdiagnosis. Adenocarcinoma therapy is accompanied by impotence and urinary incontinence, severe side effects of radio and chemotherapy, and fatal complications of surgery. Most patients generally prefer treatment for their presumed death from cancer. But they should be well informed about the stage of prostate cancer, the possible course of the disease and the risks associated with therapy.

PSA levels in prostate cancer: normal indicators during treatment

What is this indicator?

In the body, PSA (prostate specific antigen) is a protein produced by cells in the prostate ducts. This is a necessary component of the ejaculate, which, after ejaculation, performs the function of liquefying the sperm, which is important for the fertilization of the egg.

It plays a special role in laboratory diagnostics. The PSA value for prostate cancer is one of the most accurate tests to confirm the disease. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain tumor markers of prostate cancer from blood serum and use it as a material for diagnosing prostate cancer and adenoma.

The analysis is especially important for men over 40-45 years old. Experts recommend that this category of citizens take it annually, since the risk of a tumor increases with age, and its initial stages are often asymptomatic. According to statistics, more than 50% of men learn about the development of oncology by chance, during preventive diagnostics.

When is the analysis scheduled?

A specialist can prescribe an analysis in the following cases:

If a tumor is suspected after a digital examination, ultrasound and other methods of examining the prostate. As a preventive diagnosis recommended for men over 41-45 years old. When the patient complains about the appearance of specific symptoms characteristic of prostate diseases. Frequent urination (especially at night). Soreness in the groin. Instillation of urine, etc. If the patient has been diagnosed with cancer, the analysis will be needed to monitor how the body responds to the chosen treatment tactics. Thus, a decrease in this indicator will indicate an improvement in the patient's condition, the effectiveness of the chosen therapeutic technique.

How to prepare for diagnostics?

When scheduling an analysis, it is important to know that improper preparation can affect the reliability of the results:

HELP! The result is not affected by: the age of the patient, cystoscopy, time of day.

Due date, price

Taking the material is no different from simply taking venous blood, after which it is placed in a special labeled tube and sent to the laboratory for analysis.

The deadline and cost may vary, depending on the chosen clinic or laboratory. As a rule, the result comes in 2-4 working days

What are normal readings?

It is important for the patient to know that the indicators increase with age.

This is a normal physiological process that does not indicate pathology:

In men under the age of fifty, PSA should not exceed 2.5 ng / ml; From 50 to 60 years old, the result is considered to be no higher than 3.5 ng / ml; From 60 to 70 years, the result should not exceed 4.5 ng / ml; After seventy years, it can rise to 6.5 without indicating pathology. For a more accurate result, specialists introduced the concept of density.

It is calculated according to a special formula, dividing the value of the prostate-specific antigen by the volume of the organ that produces it. If the density does not exceed 0.15 ng/mg per cubic centimeter, then it is considered normal.

Despite the fears of many patients, an excess of PSA may not always indicate the development of a cancerous tumor.

The reason for this may be:

PSA for prostate cancer

As already mentioned, any deviations from the norm may indicate the development of a serious pathology (even being in a preclinical form).

PSA levels in prostate cancer are normal:

After treatment

The PSA level after prostate cancer surgery, with a favorable rehabilitation period, the indicator will begin to decrease.

PSA after removal of prostate cancer is normal: their amount can be 0.2 nanograms in the blood and even less.

The value by the standards of European doctors should not exceed 0.7 nanograms. If the PSA remains still high, the body has begun to relapse.

This condition is very dangerous and requires constant monitoring and the appointment of the right therapeutic measures.

Sign after brachytherapy

PSA after brachytherapy for prostate cancer does not begin to decrease as quickly as after radical surgery. However, PSA allows you to check the effectiveness of the procedures. If the value has decreased by one unit, the risk of recurrence of the disease over the next five years will remain low. Do not rush to conclusions, since the PSA level reaches its minimum value only 2-3 years after the radiation procedures performed.

Our website also provides descriptions of the following treatment options for prostate cancer:

In prostate cancer, PSA is one of the most important in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of prostate cancer. It is especially important to pay attention to this for men over 45-50 years old. Controlling the content of PSA in blood can prevent the development of severe pathology, detect it in a timely manner and prescribe the correct treatment.

PSA blood test for prostate cancer

A blood test for PSA is considered a kind of oncomarker. The results affect the early diagnosis and prevention of the development of a cancerous tumor.

Prostate cancer and PSA

Prostate-specific antigen or PSA is present in the body of a healthy and sick man in the form of a protein synthesized by the prostate gland. In the normal state, the percentage of protein in the blood is minimal. Under the influence of natural (age) and acquired (pathological changes in the body) factors, there is an increase in the amount of protein that enters the bloodstream.

Prostate injection of PSA is temporary and permanent. A short-term increase in protein volume occurs for the following reasons:

• Sexual intimacy.
• Sports
• Taking medication.
• Catheterization.
• Diseases of the genitourinary system, etc.

High rates are not always unconditionally accepted as a prostate tumor marker. It is possible to speak with confidence about a positive result for cancer only after excluding all other factors that can lead to a jump in the protein content in the blood.

In any case, an increase in the total prostate-specific antigen PSA and its stable value over a long period of time indicates serious problems in the genitourinary system.

Prostate cancer stages and PSA levels

The main factor influencing the increase in PSA in the blood is age-related changes. The limit value of 6.5 ng / ml is diagnosed after the age of 65 years. Cancer immediately affects PSA levels. With an increase in the volume of the prostate, the production of antigen is accelerated, which leads to a greater content of protein in the blood.

Blood tests for prostate cancer change as follows:

• Stage 1 - characterized by an increase in protein volume from 2 to 3.5 ng/ml.
• Stage 2 - growth increases. The volume of PSA from the established limit values increases to 6-7.9 ng / ml.
• Stage 3 - increase to 8 ng/ml.
• Stage 4 - averages increase by approximately 10 ng / ml, in some cases the volume reaches 20-40 ng / ml.

Clinical tests for PSA or prostate tumor markers are widely used in the early diagnosis of cancer. In case of controversial results, a detailed blood test is performed.

PSA values for prostate cancer

Do not be afraid and panic after receiving the results of the tests, which include an increase in PSA values above the established norm. The amount of antigen in the blood may be temporary. The doctor, when deciphering the tests, takes into account the variables that affect the results.

Re-testing is often scheduled to follow the trend of increasing values. An increase in PSA over 0.75 ng / ml, per year, requires advanced diagnostics.

Deciphering the results of the analyzes is carried out taking into account the existing age and other influences.If it is not possible to accurately determine the presence of oncological changes, but there is reason to suspect cancer, an additional comprehensive blood test is prescribed to determine the level of free and bound PSA.

The results of clinical blood tests for the presence of antigen are interpreted as follows:

• A high PSA level - reliably indicates existing abnormalities in the functioning of the prostate gland or allows you to differentiate cancer. If the concentration of PSA in the blood is steadily increasing, cancer is diagnosed.
• The level of free and bound PSA - with controversial results, an additional detailed blood test is performed. The rate of free prostate-specific antigen is opposed to the general value. If there are tendencies to decrease in proportions over 90/10, cancer is diagnosed in 50% of cases.

The norm of PSA in the blood with low-grade cancer is 20-40 ng / ml. The volume of the protein indicates the onset of metastasis and the presence of irreversible pathological changes.

To increase the accuracy of the analyzes, the ratio of the two indicators, as well as growth trends, are additionally taken into account.

PSA after removal of prostate cancer

After the operation, subject to its successful implementation, the rate of prostate-specific antigen in the blood necessarily and rapidly decreases. PSA after removal of prostate cancer is no more than 0.1-0.2 ng / ml.

Surgical intervention is an ineffective measure of therapy, often accompanied by relapses of oncology. To make sure the treatment is effective, regular PSA tests are mandatory. It is recommended to undergo a diagnostic examination at least 4 times a year.

A year after surgery, the PSA result should be in the range of 0.1-0.2 ng / ml, with a slight deviation. Indicators after prostatectomy, which are within the normal range, indicate the absence of a tendency to recurrence of the disease.

If we take into account that the main source of prostate-specific antigen is the prostate gland, then after its removal, the percentage of protein in the blood should decrease significantly.

The dynamics of PSA growth after radical prostatectomy indicates the continued spread of cancer cells in the body. As a rule, there is a constant increase in values, which allows us to conclude that the surgical intervention was ineffective.

The frequency of PSA donation after radical prostatectomy is 1 time in 3 months. When observing a stable remission, the time gap between clinical studies is increased to six months.

The PSA tumor marker in preoperative diagnostics helps to determine the recurrence of the disease and promptly prescribe the necessary therapy, which significantly improves the prognosis of the disease.

PSA level after hormone therapy

Hormone therapy blocks the production of antigen by lowering testosterone levels in the blood. For treatment, blockers are prescribed that prevent the body from producing a large amount of hormones or absorbing them. After the appointment of drugs, a gradual decrease in PSA is observed.

Control over the course of hormone therapy is carried out using clinical antigen tests. A low PSA indicates the possibility of a temporary discontinuation of medication. An increase in antigen volume to the levels recorded before the start of treatment indicates the need for repeated administration of drugs that knock down PSA.

After hormone therapy, the volume of prostate-specific antigen drops to normal values. After some time, when you stop taking medication, there is a gradual increase in PSA. The course of therapy is regulated by clinical blood tests for the presence of a specific protein.

PSA after radiotherapy

After radiation therapy, the study of the level of prostate-specific antigen PSA in the blood shows no decrease in its volume. Irradiation does not kill all cancer cells, but only suppresses their activity, reduces the rate of spread.

After radiation therapy, constant monitoring by an oncologist is required in order to timely detect a relapse and take adequate measures to combat the disease.

After brachytherapy - narrowly targeted radiation, the volume of PSA, on the contrary, increases. Over time, the presence of the antigen decreases to the limit values. The chance of cancer spreading after brachytherapy is lower than with traditional radiation therapy, but still exists. The patient's condition is checked by regular PSA tests, which are done every 3 months.

Chemotherapy and PSA values

Chemotherapy in clinical practice is used in cases of metastasis, advanced oncological tumors, differentiated by 3-4 degrees of development. In fact, medications prescribed during treatment are strong poisons that negatively affect the functioning of internal organs and kill healthy cells along with the affected ones.

It is quite difficult to fully determine how successful the medication has been. Immediately after the end of the course, a significant decrease in the volume of the antigen is observed, which does not unambiguously indicate the success of therapy.

PSA behavior in low-grade prostate cancer can become aggressive in a short period of time. Malignant cells will quickly spread to nearby organs and tissues.

During chemotherapy, constant monitoring of the amount of PSA in the blood is required. Based on the results, the effectiveness of the treatment is determined, and appropriate adjustments are made.

How a blood test for prostate cancer is taken

Determining the level of PSA prostate-specific antigen is performed using a patient's blood test. The procedure is practically painless and is carried out without hospitalization.

Before blood sampling, a general briefing and preparation of the patient is mandatory. Following the doctor's recommendations helps reduce the chance of test errors and ensures that the readings are accurate.

If the results of the complete blood count are controversial, additional tests are prescribed. For an accurate diagnosis, a detailed study on the associated protein will be required.

Tumor markers in the blood are so obvious that a rapid test is required to detect a prostate-specific antigen, the results of which reveal not only an already advanced cancer, but also early signs of oncological changes.

What can influence the results of the analysis

A biochemical blood test is a reliable and informative type of diagnostic research. But the attending physician will need to take into account some factors that can affect and distort the results.

• Aging - PSA levels vary with aging.
• Eating fatty, spicy and smoked foods.
• Cumshot during sex and wet dreams.
• Inflammatory processes.

To reduce the error in the results, proper preparation of the body for the analysis is required:

• Approximately one day limit physical activity.
• Procedures aimed at improving the function of the prostate gland are excluded.
• The day before the test, you should refrain from smoking.

Tests are taken on an empty stomach. There are no restrictions on drinking water.

Controversial tests and high antigen results are rechecked. Repeated types of diagnostic studies are assigned:

• Test for the duration of the doubling time of the value of the prostate-specific antigen - with greater certainty indicates the presence of cancer. In the case of a prostatectomy, it helps to recognize a recurrence of the disease.
• The ratio of free prostate-specific antigen to the total one helps to predict the development of oncological processes even at the initial stage of the disease.

Differentiation of oncology by PSA requires certain experience and skills from the urologist. It is better to conduct research in a specialized clinic.

How often should I repeat the test

The frequency of antigen testing depends on the actual need for it. Men over the age of 40 are recommended to undergo an examination annually. This will allow the attending physician to track the dynamics of changes in the PSA value over the years and warn the patient in time against possible complications.

In the postoperative period and after undergoing radiation and hormonal therapy, tests are taken every 3 months, and after reaching a stable remission after six months. PSA monitoring is included in a number of mandatory clinical studies prescribed to the patient after radical treatments.

Tests for the presence of a prostate-specific antigen are highly informative and reliable; they allow diagnosing oncological processes already at the initial signs.

Why you need to know the PSA level for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a common malignant disease that develops in men over the age of sixty. According to statistics, hyperplasia, which is prone to degeneration and malignancy, begins to develop in men starting after the age of forty and is observed in every third patient at the age of fifty. PSA in prostate cancer is one of the most informative methods in the diagnosis of this pathology.

What is PSA?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is by nature a protein molecule that performs an enzymatic role and is secreted by the prostate tissue.

It ensures the maintenance of the necessary consistency of the seminal fluid and is normally found precisely in the composition of the latter.

The detection of this molecule in venous blood, which was taken from a large vessel of the venous type, indicates an active oncological process in the prostate gland, which resulted in a violation of the system of excretory ducts and supply vessels, due to which the enzyme is constantly released into the bloodstream. system.

Indications for analysis

After forty years of age, men are recommended to have an annual examination by a specialist for the presence of prostatic hyperplasia. If an increase in the organ, a change in its structure, an increase in density or the appearance of tuberosity is detected, additional research methods are indicated.

The most accurate is the result that is obtained with a biopsy. However, this manipulation is invasive, and therefore it is possible to determine the level of PSA in the blood.

Thus, the following conditions are indications for determining PSA:

Prophylactic examination to determine the presence of pancreatic carcinoma after the age of forty.

Early laboratory diagnosis of cancer.

Determination of the success of the surgical treatment (after prostatectomy).

Evaluation of the effectiveness of chemotherapy and targeted treatment.

Preparation for diagnostics

To obtain the most reliable results, the patient must be pre-prepared. To do this, follow the following procedures:

Completely exclude fatty foods, fried or heavily peppered foods from the patient's diet.

Refuse alcohol and strong drugs that can affect the level of hormones and enzymes in the blood.

Abstaining from tobacco use.

The exclusion of physiotherapy procedures a few days before the analysis.

You need to take the test on an empty stomach, in the first half of the day.

Normal PSA levels

In the case of a normal state of the pancreatic tissue, a small amount of PSA molecules enter the bloodstream, this is due to the fact that, being released in the glandular tissues, it enters the seminal fluid, where it ensures the maintenance of normal rheological properties.

In this regard, the normal content in the blood serum up to the age of fifty is up to 2.5 ng per milliliter. Over time, the permeability of the vessels and tissues of the gland leads to an increase in the normal content of this enzyme to 6.5 ng per milliliter after seventy years. In case of detection of the complete absence of the indicated substance in the analysis, this is a favorable result.

Early stages of prostate cancer are accompanied by a relatively low level of antigen up to 10 ng / ml. This is due to a non-spread lesion of the tissues of the organ. Further development of the disease may be accompanied by an increase in the level to 30-40 ng / ml.

The concentration of PSA after removal of prostate cancer (the norm is up to 2.5 ng at the age of 40-50 years) is significantly reduced. In the case of more than 0.2 ng per milliliter, one should think about the presence of distant metastases in peripheral tissues and organs. Most often, the lungs, spinal column, and pelvic organs are involved in the process.

What is the PSA level after the operation

Pancreatic cancer is a dangerous pathology, the treatment of which should be comprehensive. Modern medicine involves the use of chemotherapy, surgical excision of a pathological neoplasm, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. The most effective method of treatment is the removal of the affected organ, along with the tissues involved in the process and regional lymph nodes.

To determine the effectiveness of this method of treatment, it is necessary to determine the level of PSA after surgery. The early postoperative period may be accompanied by a serum content of more than forty ng / ml, this is due to the long half-life of this enzyme from the body.

Complete removal of prostate cells over time leads to a decrease in PSA to a level of less than 0.02 ng / ml. In the case of determining the content of a substance at the upper limit of the norm, this is an indication for long-term laboratory diagnostics.

What additional methods can help in the diagnosis of prostate cancer?

Oncology, localized in the pelvic organs in men, is a common cause of death due to the development of metastases and complications such as profuse bleeding. In this regard, it is necessary to diagnose this disease not only based on laboratory test data.

Additional methods for the detection of this disease, it is necessary to use the following instrumental and histological methods:

Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic organs.

CT scan of the abdominal organs.

Biopsy of the prostate followed by histological examination of the micropreparation.

Excretory scintigraphy of the musculoskeletal system.