What shows the spermogram and how is the study?

Method helping to determine the presence and cause of infertility in men is called a spermogram. For research, seed fluid is used, ejaculate. When the data is received, doctors are engaged in sperm analysis. A man who believes that if a member can stand, then no health problems will arise, badly mistaken. Only deep clinical studies allow us to deal with the reasons why a man cannot become a father. Doctors will not only do everything possible, but also indicate how much spermogram analysis is.

What is spermogram

Sperrogram is a diagnostic method related to microscopic and macroscopic examination of sperm. When it comes to sperm analysis, it should be remembered that this term contains many diagnostic methods, among which there is a spermogram studying the quality and volume of spermatozoa. Most domestic urologists, andrologists use terms, considering them synonyms.

Eyaculatte and sperm - two substances, terms, the notation of which are synonymous:

• Ejaculyat - a liquid highlighted with an orgasm from a male member consisting of seed bubbles, a secret of prostate and sperm.
• Sperm - liquid extracted during ejaculation consisting of a concentrated suspension of sperm.

Sperm consists

Sperm composition: water - 90%, organic substances - 6%, trace elements - 4%.

• seed plasma - a mixture in which liquids are from prostate, ducts of the appendage of eggs, parauretral and bulburetral glands, seed-eyed tubules, eggs, seed bubbles;
• shaped elements, where spermatozoa occupy a leading position , reaching 15-100 million per 1 ml ejaculate. Cum contains impurities, but the total volume of other components does not exceed two percent. There are impurities from becher crystals, prismatic crystals, sedimentary salts of phosphoric acids, sperm, arising from evaporation of moisture from seed fluid, pigment and lipid grains, protein granules, prostatic stones, sedimental calf cells, leukocytes, cylindrical epithelium, round degenerative cells appear from Pulling of straight tubules, networks of testicles, germinative epithelium.

Male genital cell is a spermatozoa, which has significant differences from other structures in the human body. Consists of 23 chromosomes, 22 of which are somatic, contain data on the structure of the body, and one sexual - for the female x or for the male y.

Spermatogenesis is called the emergence of "headastrics" in the testicles, which is from 65 to 75 days, and for 24 hours approximately 3 million sperms.

Head occupies 51% of the total volume of the total mass, has a rounded-sharp form, the kernel, the length reaches 4-5 μm, the width is 2.5-3.5 μm, the outer surface has an acrosomic, the enzymes of which split the egg hematic. The neck combines the neck of the sperm and the head, has clear outlines, thin and has a width of less than 1 μm. The flagellum, which is responsible for the movement of sperm, sends a cell according to a given route to an egg cell, has a length of 45 μm, a smooth surface.

How is the analysis

• a man needs to refrain from sexual acts, masturbation for 2-7 days. Studies held later, also require abstinence for the same period: if the time has been 3 days, then for all subsequent studies a break will be the same;
• the temperature enhancements are excluded - the reception of hot soul, bath, visiting the bath , saunas;
• It is forbidden to eat alcoholic beverages for a period of up to two weeks before the start of research;
• doctors eliminate the use of drugs that affect the urogenital tract.

Sperm production process

• Patient gives fluid in laboratory clinical conditions, the time is so minimized between the production and diagnosis;
• masturbation method of sperm production. A sterile cup of plastic or glass with a wide throat is purchased in laboratories or pharmacies. In rare situations, condoms are applied with missing spermicides;
• the whole cum is assembled, among the abundance of which a significant part is the first drop, whose loss will lead to incorrect data after research;
• 20-40 degrees - The optimal temperature of the dishes;
• sperm collection is carried out in conditions of the house, if the fluid is transported within an hour using a light-tight package, at a temperature of 20-40 degrees.

Forbidden:

• The liquid extracted by PPA is not suitable for study, since in most cases the first drop containing detailed and important information is lost.
• Simple condoms are not suitable for collecting fluid, as Latex It has a destructive impact on "headastrics".

On the recommendation of the World Health Organization, ejaculate studies are carried out using at least two samples, the interval between which is from a week to a month, the abstinence time between samples is strictly the same. Diagnostic methods reflect the fertility of the male.

Accepted norms

When a man passed a spermogram analysis, it is important to familiarize yourself with the indicated norms in composition, appearance, and so on.

Macroscopic studies:

• Uniformity of liquid, whitish grayish color;
• Ejaculate in a volume of 1.5 to 6 ml;
• Viscosity below 2 cm - using a glass rod, semen is stretched this length;
• Thinning less than half an hour;
• Ph value between 7.2 and 7.8.

Microscopy:

• Sperm concentration 15 million/ml;
• Total sperm volume in ejaculate over 39 million;
• No spermatozoa agglutination;
• Viable spermatozoa exceed a mark of 58%;
• No erythrocytes;
• The number of leukocytes is below 1 million per 1 ml.

Sperm activity:

• Mobile-progressive over 32%;
• Total mobility not less than 40%.

Biochemistry research:

• Zinc: over 2.4 µmol/av;
• Citric acid: 10 mg µmol/av;
• Fructose: over 13 µmol/av.

Immunological data:

• MAR test below 50%;
• Immunobead test below 50%.

The specialist examines the most important data: the volume of sperm, the ability of the testicles to produce "tadpoles", their transportation. The amount of ejaculate is important, indicating the ability of the glands to produce a secret that ensures the vital activity of sperm. If the studies have shown a poor result, the likelihood of conception is reduced, but this does not indicate a complete inability to be a father.

Data decryption

The doctor can decipher the analysis of the spermogram from several options, but the most common is color and liquefaction. Sperm of the normal type has a white-gray color, slightly opalescent, has a homogeneous mass, liquefies in a room for a quarter of an hour. If the liquefaction time takes more than an hour, resort to additional measures using enzymes that dissolve the liquid and allow further verification.

Sperm should not contain blood, mucus, pus, or brown hematin, indicating previous bleeding. The yellow tint of the ejaculate indicates the presence of jaundice, appears if a man takes antibiotics or multivitamins. Gel grains, which cannot be excluded, do not dissolve during liquefaction.

Sperm required for laboratory processing is at least 1 ml, and 1.5 to 5 ml is required to fertilize an egg. The volume of sperm is not affected by the number of spermatozoa, the amount of seminal plasma matters.

Evaluation is carried out after the semen is liquefied. The length of the fibers when the instrument touches the sperm indicates viscosity: with an increased consistency, the activity of spermatozoa decreases, indicating the presence of antisperm antibodies.

Acidity ranges from 7.2 to 7.8 in normal. When the acidity level exceeds 7.8, it indicates an infectious disease. Obstruction of the vas deferens or its congenital absence leads to the development of azoospermia, when there are no spermatozoa at all, and the acidity decreases to 7.0 or more.

With the help of special microscopes, uncolored and colored liquids are viewed. Using a counting chamber - a hemocytometer, the doctor counts spermatozoa, calculating the total number and volume per 1 ml. An extremely low content of living organisms in semen indicates oligospermia, requires an additional test using a centrifuge, examination of the resulting sediment, cryptozoospermia.

Sperm free sediment is called azoospermia. In the case when, after centrifugation, the sediment does not contain spermatozoa, spermatogenesis cells, we are talking about bilateral obstruction of the vas deferens.

Diagnosis of sperm activity is carried out twice, taking into account the viewing of five fields of view under a microscope and an assessment of at least two hundred spermatozoa. They are divided according to mobility criteria:

• Fast progressive motion is 25 or more microns per second at 37 degrees. Either 20 or more microns per second at 20 degrees. It is known that 25 microns equals 5 sizes of sperm heads. More than a third of sperm have data;
• Slow progressive spermatozoa, compared to snail movement;
• Non-progressive tadpoles, less than 5 microns per second;
• Immobilized spermatozoa.

The volume of categories 1, 2 and 3, which have gained at least 40%, is considered to be the total mobility.Progressive sperm motility - the sum of categories 1 and 2, not less than 32%.

The rate decreases if a man has infectious diseases, such as vesiculitis, urethritis, prostatitis. The presence of sperm antibodies also reduces the mobility of organisms.

The ejaculate contains not only spermatozoa, but also other elements called "round cells". The name was given because with a multiple increase it is often not possible to distinguish and study. Identification is carried out using special dyes. Doctors refer to "round cells" as accumulations of leukocytes, spermatogenic, prostatic and epithelial cells. The ejaculate norm is 5 million "round cells" per 1 ml.

The normal ejaculate contains leukocytes, but their excessive number (leukocytospermia) indicates a progressive inflammatory or infectious process.

If a large percentage of leukocytes is found in the fluid, another study should be prescribed, consisting of bacteriological culture of prostate secretion, urine and discharge from the genitals. Absent white blood cells indicate an infectious disease.

Immature cells in the embryonic state, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, epithelium indicate disorders associated with sperm maturation, hypospermatogenesis, slow cell growth, Sertoli cell dysfunction, varicocele, which leads to a small percentage of successful fertilization using a test tube.

Deciphering the semen analysis includes checking for agglutination. Glued together by flagella, heads, necks or all at once, living organisms lose their mobility, which leads to immunological infertility. For a healthy man who does not have problems with the reproductive system, there is no agglutination. To diagnose pathology, immunobead test and MAR test are used.

Sperm viability is measured in the presence of 50% or more immobile "tadpoles". Living organisms undergo staining, while dead organisms that have a broken membrane do not change color. Having passed the required volume of liquids, the number of live and immobile spermatozoa is determined using the test. With defects in the structures of the flagella, the sperm cells are alive, but are without movement.

The abundance of dead "tadpoles" indicates necrospermia, the presence of testicular disease. The number of viable sperm should not be lower than 58%.

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