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What is the treatment for stage 2 prostate cancer


What Is The Treatment For Stage 2 Prostate Cancer

What is prostate cancer


Prostate cancer is a neoplasm related to a hormone-dependent tumor that develops in the presence of an increased level of testosterone in the blood. It is worth noting that the more this hormone is produced, the greater the risk of a tumor.


Initially, a malignant neoplasm affects only prostate cells, but over time, the tumor spreads to other organs, acquiring more serious stages of development. Metastases begin already at the 3rd stage, however, stage 2 cancer can also metastasize to other tissues and organs.


According to the reviews, the treatment of grade 2 Prostate cancer is very successful if complex therapy is used, since at this stage there is no germination of malignant cells into neighboring tissues. Also, metastases to the lymph nodes and adjacent organs are practically not observed. If timely treatment is not carried out, the consequences of prostate cancer can be very serious, since with the subsequent progression of the disease, metastases move to neighboring organs and tissues, which complicates the process of therapy.



Causes of disease


Despite the advances in modern medicine, the exact cause of prostate cancer has not yet been fully determined. However, based on the studies, it was proved that the disease can occur not only against the background of hormonal disorders, but also in the presence of other predisposing factors, in particular such as:



  • old age;
  • hereditary predisposition;
  • bad ecology;
  • alcohol abuse, smoking;
  • malnutrition;
  • chronic diseases of the prostate.

In addition, the disease can occur in the case of long-term work in hazardous industries in contact with toxic and chemical substances.



Prostate cancer symptoms


The first symptoms of prostate cancer in men at the 2nd stage are not particularly pronounced. The main signs can be considered complicated urination, the presence of blood impurities in semen and urine, as well as sexual dysfunction. All these symptoms are indirect and may indicate the presence of other diseases of the male reproductive system.


Gradually, the symptoms of prostate cancer in men begin to appear more strongly when the tumor begins to put pressure on the walls of the bladder. In this case, the man experiences frequent urge to urinate, but the urine comes out very slowly.


In addition, there may be other signs of prostate cancer, such as:



  • Incontinence
  • Swelling of the lower extremities.
  • Kidney stones.
  • Blood in urine and semen.
  • Violation of potency.

If there are signs of prostate cancer, then you should definitely consult a doctor for a comprehensive examination and subsequent treatment.



Diagnosis


Even with the most minor problems with urination, you should contact a urologist as soon as possible. This symptom is uncharacteristic and may indicate the course of other diseases of the urogenital area of men.


Initially, the doctor conducts a palpation examination, as well as a rectal examination of the rectum. This method is considered the simplest and allows you to determine the presence of oncology. However, if the tumor can already be felt, then the disease is at the final stage.


If a malignant neoplasm cannot be probed, the patient is assigned to conduct a study using a blood test for the detection of a prostate-specific antigen. To make a more accurate diagnosis, an ultrasound examination, X-ray examination, and tomography are prescribed.


The final diagnosis can be made after a biopsy of the prostate. To do this, the fence is performed with a special needle through the perineum or rectum of a small part of the gland.



Treatment


Many patients are interested in whether it is possible to cure stage 2 prostate cancer and what methods are used for this. The treatment of the prostate gland is selected by a specialist depending on the stage of the course of the disease, the age of the patient and the presence of concomitant disorders. In addition, many other factors are also taken into account. The main methods of treatment are as follows:



  • radical prostatectomy;
  • radiotherapy;
  • cryotherapy;
  • hormone therapy.

Chemotherapy for a malignant neoplasm of the 2nd degree is carried out extremely rarely and only as part of complex therapy with other methods. There are other methods of treatment, but a successful prognosis can only be in the initial stages of the course of the disease.



Surgical intervention


Surgery for stage 2 prostate cancer is a radical method of dealing with the disease. During the operation, the tumor is excised along with the affected prostate gland. Modern techniques are based on the use of an automated system.


In some cases, laparoscopy is performed, which is considered the most gentle option. In this case, two small incisions are made in the lower abdomen, which are required for the introduction of the camera and surgical instruments. The whole process of the operation is carried out under the supervision of specialists. This technique is the safest, reduces the risk of complications and prevents relapse.


In addition, radiation therapy is performed for stage 2 prostate cancer, if other types of surgical intervention are contraindicated. It involves irradiation of the prostate gland with the help of special devices. This technique does not provoke blood clotting disorders and does not affect the cardiovascular system. The prognosis of life expectancy in this case is quite favorable.


As the reviews show, the treatment of stage 2 prostate cancer with radical prostatectomy is possible. During surgery, it is possible to remove a prostate tumor without affecting healthy tissue. However, after the operation, urinary incontinence and deterioration of erection may occur.



Chemotherapy


Prostate cancer is also treated with chemotherapy, which is prescribed in combination with other methods. This method consists in the use of drugs with toxic substances that act on malignant cells and stop their division.


Treatment with grade 2 prostate cancer pills implies that drugs act on the shell and nucleus of malignant cells, causing their destruction. However, it is worth remembering that such treatment has many side effects, the most common of which are hair loss, weakness, nausea, and severe fatigue. The most common drugs are considered to be:



  • Mitoxantrone ;
  • Paclitaxel ;
  • Extramustine Phosphate

The course of taking funds for chemotherapy is six months and implies the use of drugs in tablet form or in the form of injections.



Radiotherapy treatment


Radiotherapy involves the impact on a malignant neoplasm with x-rays, which slow down the growth of the tumor. Radiotherapy is carried out using a linear accelerator, which is distributed to the tumor and lymph nodes to prevent its growth and the spread of malignant cells throughout the body.


Radiotherapy is carried out in a course of 5 days a week for 2 months. The procedure itself is completely painless and takes only a few minutes, but after the procedure, the patient is advised to rest for 2-3 hours. It is prescribed starting from the 2nd stage of prostate cancer, since radiation can affect healthy cells, causing side effects.



Performing brachytherapy


An alternative treatment for stage 2 prostate cancer is brachytherapy. The essence of this method lies in the fact that under the control of an ultrasound machine, iodized granules with a high degree of radioactivity are injected into the prostate gland. As a result, increased radiation is generated in the area of the neoplasm, and the tissues located near the tumor are almost not affected.


Brachytherapy is characterized by much fewer side effects due to its point impact. Radioactive substances are injected only into the prostate and affect only the tumor, while not affecting nearby healthy cells. This increases the effectiveness of the procedure and minimizes side effects.



Prognosis and life expectancy


Life expectancy for stage 2 prostate cancer is approximately 10-15 years, but these figures can vary up and down. Despite the fact that each case of the course of the disease is purely individual, the prognosis is quite favorable, the survival rate of patients five years after the diagnosis is almost 100%.


Life expectancy in stage 2 prostate cancer largely depends on the success of the therapy, the age of the patient and the presence of comorbidities. Most patients manage to recover completely, but this requires a competent integrated approach to solving the problem.



Diet for prostate cancer


Studies have shown that proper nutrition for stage 2 prostate cancer and adherence to a diet can help slow the progression of the disease.Men who ate only vegetable fats lived much longer. This is due to the absence of metastases. At the same time, the food included mainly oils in salads and nuts.


A special diet that reduces the risk of progression of the disease implies the exclusion from the diet of white rice, bread and confectionery. It is necessary to eat nuts, fish, legumes. Nutrition should be balanced, frequent and fractional.


Proper nutrition is combined with healthy drinks, it is necessary to exclude caffeinated drinks.



Prostate cancer grade 2 life expectancy



What is life expectancy if diagnosed with stage 2 prostate cancer


Prostate cancer is a disease most characteristic of men of advanced and senile age. The incidence progressively increases with age, reaching its peak by the age of 75. According to statistics, every seventh or eighth man of the specified age is diagnosed with this diagnosis. In other age categories, pathology is much less common, in young men (under 40 years old), prostate cancer is diagnosed in 1 case per 10 thousand people.


Many malignant processes do not manifest themselves in the early stages, and subjective symptoms appear only at stages III-IV, when the range of therapeutic effects is limited due to the generalization of the neoplastic process, sometimes only palliative therapy is possible (treatment aimed at improving the quality the patient's life).


Prostate cancer is no exception: in men who neglect preventive examinations by a urologist (it is recommended to undergo them annually after reaching 40-50 years), the disease can be asymptomatic for many years.



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Causes for the development of pathology



Staging of cancer development


The prognosis and treatment largely depend on what stage of cancer is found in the patient. The stage is determined depending on the size of the neoplasm, its prevalence, the presence of metastatic lesions of the internal organs and lymph nodes. The prognosis is influenced by the histological characteristics of malignant cells. A dynamic study of the PSA level is also important.


Cancer, not distinguishable visually or by palpation. The definition of the disease is usually random.


Prostate cancer of the 2nd degree is a malignant process that has not yet had time to go beyond the prostate. According to the TNM classification, stage T2a is characterized by damage to less than half of one lobe of the organ. Stage T2b - more than half of one lobe is affected, the process can also be detected on a symmetrical lobe, but the organ is not completely affected. The disease usually does not manifest itself in any way: a man assesses his health as satisfactory. During palpation examination of the organ, the urologist easily gropes for nodular formations. Nodes of carcinoma gradually grow, but this stage does not differ in the appearance of tumor screenings.


At this stage, cancer, which has completely captured both lobes of the gland, spreads beyond the capsule of the organ, first affecting the seminal vesicles, and then giving lymphogenous metastases.


It is characterized by a generalization of the process: screenings are found not only in regional lymph nodes, but also in distant nodes and organs (liver, lungs, bones).


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Some men report the following manifestations, rarely paying due attention to them: weight loss, lack of orgasm after sexual intercourse, periodic bleeding in the semen, the need for more frequent visits to the toilet day and night, weakness, weakening of urine pressure. Pain is not typical. The severity of symptoms is low, the manifestations resemble those of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Most often, the PSA concentration does not exceed 20 ng / ml.


The urologist, having discovered the pathological formation of the prostate gland, the asymmetry of the organ, the change in the consistency of the organ, directs the man to research, which helps to determine the diagnosis.


It is very important to analyze the histological structure of the neoplasm. To do this, it is necessary to take 6-12 fragments of the organ, make micropreparations from them and evaluate them under a microscope. To determine the Gleason sum, the two most characteristic colonies of atypical cells are assigned a numerical index from 1 to 5, corresponding to the degree of cell differentiation.


The numbers are summed up, based on the sum, the tumor score is given:


Highly differentiated tumor, the prognosis for life is the most favorable. Slow-growing tumor, rarely metastasizes.


Moderately differentiated tumor.


7 points and more


Poorly differentiated tumor of an aggressive course, metastasizes early. The prognosis for life is the least favorable.



Diagnosis



  • prophylactic annual palpation examination of the prostate by a urologist;
  • TRUS of an organ: an ultrasound examination in which the transducer of the device is inserted into the patient's rectal cavity to provide optimal access to the organ and the best visualization;
  • prostate tissue biopsy;
  • PSA concentration determination;
  • tomography (computer and magnetic resonance) allows you to determine the presence of metastases, as well as create a three-dimensional model of the organ in order to plan the upcoming operation as accurately as possible.

The patient's life expectancy depends on the adequacy of therapeutic measures, the degree of aggressiveness of the malignant neoplasm, the patient's willingness to follow the doctor's recommendations, including those related to lifestyle. Often, a prostate tumor at stage II is completely cured, that is, the prognosis can be regarded as favorable.


Prostate cancer treatment. usually complex. In the early stages, the optimal treatment that most oncourologists choose is a surgical intervention called radical prostatectomy, which involves the removal of the prostate along with tumor nodes concentrated inside the organ capsule. The doctor may suggest laparoscopic surgery, which is less traumatic. The duration of the rehabilitation period is significantly reduced compared to abdominal manipulation. Unfortunately, surgery is not always possible. Contraindications may be senile age, severe comorbidities - factors in the presence of which the patient may not survive the treatment.


If the expected life expectancy does not exceed 5 years, subjective symptoms are absent or practically absent, and the tumor is highly differentiated, the doctor may suggest dynamic monitoring. The patient regularly donates blood to determine the change in PSA levels. The appearance of symptoms of the disease is the reason for changing the tactics of managing the patient: active treatment begins.


Brachytherapy is a treatment that involves the introduction of radionuclides into the thickness of an organ. There is practically no effect on surrounding healthy tissues. Hormone therapy is used when it is impossible to carry out surgery. Treatment is based on the sensitivity of most prostate cancers to testosterone. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs are used: agonists and antagonists. Estrogens are also used. In rare cases, a doctor may suggest surgical castration - the removal of testicles that produce up to 90% testosterone.



Prevention of exacerbations


Change in lifestyle and regular examinations will help minimize the risk of recurrence of carcinoma and start treatment in a timely manner when the tumor process resumes.


Prevention includes the following activities:



  • nutrition normalization;
  • giving up bad habits;
  • Visit a urologist, determine the PSA level.

After successfully undergoing treatment, the patient may become disabled. As a rule, we are talking about the III group of disability. If the treatment did not save from serious complications or there was a recurrence of the cancer process, group II is established.


Prostate carcinoma at stage II is easily detected by a urologist during a preventive examination. The prognosis of the disease is usually favorable. The preferred treatment is surgery, if it is impossible, other techniques are used.



Prognosis for prostate cancer grade I and II


According to the WHO, prostate cancer ranked 2nd in terms of morbidity and mortality among men, only behind lung cancer.


In the late 80s, the increase in the incidence was stopped by the introduction of innovations:


Despite this, the chance of getting sick will remain quite high - these malignant neoplasms overtake every 7th man over 50 years old.



Short description


Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor of various differentiation that affects the prostate gland and, simultaneously growing in all directions, flows into metastases throughout the body.


The prostate is a gland the size of a small walnut, covering on all sides the beginning of the urethra under the bladder. She is responsible for the male reproductive function - it produces seminal fluid (up to 30%) and contributes to e eruption during intercourse. The prostate gland is also responsible for the ability to retain urine.


The danger is not only the tumor itself, but also the consequences of its growth: narrowing of the lumen of the urinary canal and a sharp expansion of its upper part; increased burden on the kidneys and the formation of stones; pain in the lower part of the pelvis and lower back.



Causes of prostate cancer


Today, the main factor causing prostate cancer is considered to be a change in the DNA of prostate cells, which are presumably due to an age-related increase in the level of the male sex hormone - testosterone.



  • The chances of getting sick before the age of 50 are minimal;
  • 50 to 65 approaching 1%;
  • after 65 - catastrophically increase to 70%.

The proportion of age-related changes in the occurrence of prostate cancer is 95 out of 100 cases. The remaining 5% is usually attributed to the combination of the following factors:



  • Heritage of the BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes. If men in the family had this form of cancer, then the chance of the disease is doubled. The more relatives were sick, the higher the risks.
  • Features of the environment of residence and racial predisposition. Negroid men and residents of northern latitudes suffer the most.
  • Unbalanced diet. The predominance in the diet of a high content of animal fats and small volumes of fiber.
  • Work in a hazardous industry (contact with cadmium).
  • Precancerous conditions. There is a high probability of cancer arising under the influence of mutagenic factors with atypical adenosis and hyperplasia with malignancy. At the same time, diseases such as prostatitis and adenoma are not risk factors.


Prostate cancer symptoms


Prostate cancer is an insidious and very slowly progressive disease with severe symptoms similar to other diseases of the prostate.


The increase in symptoms occurs over the years and, unfortunately, becomes pronounced only towards the final stages of the disease, when the prognosis for survival is minimal. The symptoms of cancer are very similar to those of prostate hypertrophy and adenoma:



  • frequent nighttime urination;
  • decreased appetite, weight loss, depression;
  • lower back pain, kidney stones, enlargement of the kidney cavity and upper ureter;
  • frequent and difficult urination with sluggish jets - first at night and then during the day;
  • sudden and urgency, urinary incontinence;
  • blood in the urine and sharp pains in the pelvic area.


Diagnosis of prostate cancer


Diagnosis of the disease in the early stages is extremely problematic due to the asymptomatic course and consists of:



  • finger palpation through the rectum for a pronounced increase in the size, density and tuberosity of the gland;
  • blood test for tumor marker;
  • ultrasound and computed tomography;
  • excretory urography;
  • prostate biopsy.


Staging


To select the optimal treatment, it is necessary to correctly assess the stage of the disease. The course of prostate cancer is grouped into 4 degrees (I-IV), each of which is additionally characterized by a combination of the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood, the Glisson sum and compliance in the TNM system.


Glisson score scale (GP) - after a biopsy of the gland tissue, the degree of oncological cell damage is visually determined, and a score from 2 to 10 is set using a special technique. The TNM system classifies the size of the main tumor (T), spread to nearby lymph nodes (N ) and the presence of metastases (M).


I degree. Initial.PSA


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Radiation therapy for grade 2 prostate cancer


Hearing the diagnosis of prostate cancer, many men take it as a death sentence.


Cancer cells affect not only the prostate gland. Neighboring organs are also at risk.


Read more about the treatment and prognosis of grade 2 prostate cancer in the article.



Prostate cancer grade 2 - life expectancy



How does it develop?


There are 4 degrees of development of pathology:


Pathological changes at stage 1 are difficult to diagnose. The tumor is so small that it is simply impossible to probe. At stage 2, the deeper layers are affected. But the cancer is still in the area of the gland. The insidiousness of the disease is that it is asymptomatic. You can identify the disease in the diagnosis or palpation of the gland. With further development, cancer cells begin to affect neighboring organs. The lymph nodes are also affected. For stage 4 cancer, metastases occur. Distinctive features The disease has not yet had time to affect neighboring tissues. At stage 2, the patient has no metastases. Although cancer cells have already penetrated deeply into the gland itself. Small seals appear. The chance of recovery is quite high. The main thing is to start treatment of stage 2 prostate cancer on time.



Symptoms and manifestations


Prostate cancer of the 2nd degree - life expectancy will be considered a little further. Do not underestimate the danger of this disease. After all, a cancerous tumor has already formed.


Men may not even be aware of their illness. Often, grade 2 prostate cancer does not cause any inconvenience to the patient.


But not all patients are asymptomatic.


Some people have trouble urinating:



  • it becomes too frequent;
  • false urge to urinate appears.


Classification methods


The disease is classified according to several criteria:



  • T - how much neoplasms have spread in the body;
  • N - the degree of spread of cancer cells in the lymph nodes;
  • M - the patient has metastases.

Prostate cancer grade 2 can be divided into 2 stages:



  • stage 2A, which is characterized by damage to only one lobe of the gland;
  • At stage 2B, the tumor grows and spreads to both lobes.


How to diagnose?


It is very difficult to determine prostate cancer at stage 2. The diagnosis is confirmed only after determining the level of PSA in the blood.


This is a protein that is produced by the prostate gland in case of neoplasms. During a rectal examination, a node in the prostate can be detected.


Final conclusions can be drawn after undergoing a biopsy, ultrasound and analysis of laboratory data.


In general, the prognosis for stage 2 prostate cancer is favorable. The survival rate of patients with this diagnosis for 5 years reaches 60-90%.


Read below how grade 2 prostate cancer is treated.



Methods of treatment


How to treat grade 2 prostate cancer?


For the treatment of grade 2 prostate cancer without surgery, use:



Folk methods


One of the reasons for the formation of prostate cancer is an increased level of testosterone. With the help of plants containing estrogen, you can normalize the hormonal background.


Such plants include:


It is best to prepare herbal infusions every day, as over time they lose their healing properties.


Prostate cancer stage 2 prognosis: the tumor at this stage has not yet affected the tissues adjacent to the prostate gland. However, it is already easily diagnosed by digital examination. According to statistics, about 60% of patients can live up to 10 years.


Treatment of grade 2 prostate cancer without surgery, stages of a malignant tumor, types of treatment, drug therapy, special diet, prevention.


Prostate cancer of the 2nd degree is a characteristic malignant formation that arises from the cellular elements of the prostate or prostate gland. In most cases, this disease occurs in older men.The main reasons for its appearance include: various types of intoxication, hormonal imbalance, heredity.



Prostate cancer stages


In oncology, there are four stages of prostate cancer, which depend on the size of the formation and the number of metastases:



  • The initial stage is characterized by the presence of cancer cells directly in the gland. It is quite difficult to make a correct diagnosis at this stage.
  • The second stage is characterized by the penetration of the tumor into the deep layers of the prostate. At this stage, cancer is diagnosed by ultrasound or palpation of the gland.
  • At the third stage, a malignant tumor extends beyond the prostate gland, begins to affect neighboring organs and tissues.
  • The fourth stage is characterized by distant metastases, damage to the vital systems of the body, bones.


Prostate cancer treatment


At this stage, the treatment of prostate cancer gives good results, it is curable.


When determining the method of treatment and recovery, the individual characteristics of the patient are taken into account:



  • Age.
  • General condition of the body.
  • Presence of other diseases.
  • Lifestyle

In modern oncology, there are 3 ways to treat a malignant tumor of the prostate:



  • Performing an operation.
  • Drug therapy.
  • Radiation therapy.


Surgical method


An operation to remove a prostate tumor is used in the absence of metastases in the body. In 90% of cases, surgical intervention guarantees a complete cure for prostate cancer.



Treatment without surgery


If the patient has contraindications to surgery, then alternative methods of treatment are used, namely:



  • External radiation therapy. This method is characterized by performing irradiation of the prostate location using special devices.
  • Brachytherapy is internal radiation therapy. This type of therapy is carried out by introducing radioactive implants (grains) into the prostate. There are two types of brachytherapy: permanent (implants stay in the prostate for a long time), and temporary (grains stay in the prostate for 5 to 15 minutes).
  • Cryosurgery - freezing of the prostate. This method is characterized by a shorter recovery period compared to surgery, as well as minimal blood loss and less pain. Cryosurgery is rarely used in the treatment of grade 2 prostate cancer, as there is little information on the long-term effectiveness of this method.
  • Observation. Sometimes there are cases when radical treatment of prostate cancer is not used due to the age or general condition of the patient because the risk of dying from cancer is less than from another disease. This method is also used in the slow course of the disease.


Drug therapy


In oncology, radiation and drug treatment are constantly combined. Hormone therapy can reduce the rate of tumor growth and its metastasis.


During the drug therapy of prostate cancer, the following agents are used:



  • Paclitaxel. This medicine reduces the activity of cancer cells by affecting their skeleton. They gain high flexibility, lose the ability to divide correctly and soon die off.
  • Zoladex is a hormonal agent that affects the production of the hormone testosterone. Due to a decrease in the hormone, a slowdown in tumor growth or a complete stop in the development of the disease is observed.
  • Estramustine phosphate is a drug that stops the process of dividing malignant cells.


Special Diet


Together with radiation and drug therapy, for a greater effect, you must adhere to a special diet, which includes:



  • Dairy products (kefir, ryazhenka, milk, cottage cheese).
  • Chicken meat, fish, seafood.
  • Vegetables, fruits.
  • Buckwheat
  • Spinach, liver

Important! During the treatment, it is recommended to eat foods containing special substances that have a positive effect on the function of blood formation.


It is also necessary to exclude some foods and dishes from the daily diet, namely:



  • Salt and artificial sugar
  • Smoked meats, spicy and fatty foods.
  • Fatty meat or fish dishes.
  • Garlic, onion, horseradish, sorrel.
  • Any alcoholic drinks.
  • Rich broths.


Prostate cancer prevention


An important factor for the early diagnosis and treatment of stage 2 prostate cancer is the prevention of the disease.


It includes the following points:



  • An annual screening recommended for all men over 40 years of age.
  • Permanent blood test for hormone capacity and consultation with a doctor.
  • Prohibition on the use of drugs that were used during the treatment.
  • Keeping a healthy lifestyle, reducing emotional overload.
  • Proper nutrition, which includes: reducing salt intake, eliminating coffee and chocolate from the diet, limiting the intake of legumes, potatoes and nuts.


Prognosis in treatment


Prostate cancer of the 2nd degree is characterized by a favorable prognosis in treatment, especially when a high-quality diagnosis is carried out, deaths at this stage are actually not recorded.


Timely access to a doctor, competent treatment and prevention, make it possible to completely recover from stage 2 prostate cancer.


Prostate cancer occurs in the prostate gland, located under the bladder, and forms components of seminal fluid. This disease is characterized by the rapid spread of malignant cells. They spread to nearby tissues and form tumors. If a malignant neoplasm is not treated for a long time, then there is a high probability that the disease can spread to neighboring organs, significantly reducing the possibility of a positive outcome.



What is prostate cancer


Prostate cancer is a neoplasm related to a hormone-dependent tumor that develops in the presence of an increased level of testosterone in the blood. It is worth noting that the more this hormone is produced, the greater the risk of a tumor.


Initially, a malignant neoplasm affects only prostate cells, but over time, the tumor spreads to other organs, acquiring more serious stages of development. Metastases begin already at the 3rd stage, however, stage 2 cancer can also metastasize to other tissues and organs.


According to the reviews, the treatment of grade 2 prostate cancer is very successful if complex therapy is used, since at this stage there is no germination of malignant cells into neighboring tissues. Also, metastases to the lymph nodes and adjacent organs are practically not observed. If timely treatment is not carried out, the consequences of prostate cancer can be very serious, since with the subsequent progression of the disease, metastases move to neighboring organs and tissues, which complicates the process of therapy.



Causes of disease


Despite the advances in modern medicine, the exact cause of prostate cancer has not yet been fully determined. However, based on the studies, it was proved that the disease can occur not only against the background of hormonal disorders, but also in the presence of other predisposing factors, in particular such as:



  • old age;
  • hereditary predisposition;
  • bad ecology;
  • alcohol abuse, smoking;
  • malnutrition;
  • chronic diseases of the prostate.

In addition, the disease can occur in the case of long-term work in hazardous industries in contact with toxic and chemical substances.



Prostate cancer symptoms


The first symptoms of prostate cancer in men at the 2nd stage are not particularly pronounced. The main signs can be considered complicated urination, the presence of blood impurities in semen and urine, as well as sexual dysfunction. All these symptoms are indirect and may indicate the presence of other diseases of the male reproductive system.


Gradually, the symptoms of prostate cancer in men begin to appear more strongly when the tumor begins to put pressure on the walls of the bladder. In this case, the man experiences frequent urge to urinate, but the urine comes out very slowly.


In addition, there may be other signs of prostate cancer, such as:



  • Incontinence
  • Swelling of the lower extremities.
  • Kidney stones.
  • Blood in urine and semen.
  • Violation of potency.

If there are signs of prostate cancer, then you should definitely consult a doctor for a comprehensive examination and subsequent treatment.



Diagnosis


Even with the most minor problems with urination, you should contact a urologist as soon as possible. This symptom is uncharacteristic and may indicate the course of other diseases of the urogenital area of men.


Initially, the doctor conducts a palpation examination, as well as a rectal examination of the rectum. This method is considered the simplest and allows you to determine the presence of oncology. However, if the tumor can already be felt, then the disease is at the final stage.


If a malignant neoplasm cannot be probed, the patient is assigned to conduct a study using a blood test for the detection of a prostate-specific antigen.To make a more accurate diagnosis, an ultrasound examination, X-ray examination, and tomography are prescribed.


The final diagnosis can be made after a biopsy of the prostate. To do this, the fence is performed with a special needle through the perineum or rectum of a small part of the gland.



Treatment


Many patients are interested in whether it is possible to cure stage 2 prostate cancer and what methods are used for this. The treatment of the prostate gland is selected by a specialist depending on the stage of the course of the disease, the age of the patient and the presence of concomitant disorders. In addition, many other factors are also taken into account. The main methods of treatment are as follows:



  • radical prostatectomy;
  • radiotherapy;
  • cryotherapy;
  • hormone therapy.

Chemotherapy for a malignant neoplasm of the 2nd degree is carried out extremely rarely and only as part of complex therapy with other methods. There are other methods of treatment, but a successful prognosis can only be in the initial stages of the course of the disease.



Surgical intervention


Surgery for stage 2 prostate cancer is a radical method of dealing with the disease. During the operation, the tumor is excised along with the affected prostate gland. Modern techniques are based on the use of an automated system.


In some cases, laparoscopy is performed, which is considered the most gentle option. In this case, two small incisions are made in the lower abdomen, which are required for the introduction of the camera and surgical instruments. The whole process of the operation is carried out under the supervision of specialists. This technique is the safest, reduces the risk of complications and prevents relapse.


In addition, radiation therapy is performed for stage 2 prostate cancer, if other types of surgical intervention are contraindicated. It involves irradiation of the prostate gland with the help of special devices. This technique does not provoke blood clotting disorders and does not affect the cardiovascular system. The prognosis of life expectancy in this case is quite favorable.


As the reviews show, the treatment of stage 2 prostate cancer with radical prostatectomy is possible. During surgery, it is possible to remove a prostate tumor without affecting healthy tissue. However, after the operation, urinary incontinence and deterioration of erection may occur.



Chemotherapy


Prostate cancer is also treated with chemotherapy, which is prescribed in combination with other methods. This method consists in the use of drugs with toxic substances that act on malignant cells and stop their division.


Treatment with grade 2 prostate cancer pills implies that drugs act on the shell and nucleus of malignant cells, causing their destruction. However, it is worth remembering that such treatment has many side effects, the most common of which are hair loss, weakness, nausea, and severe fatigue. The most common drugs are considered to be:


The course of taking funds for chemotherapy is six months and implies the use of drugs in tablet form or in the form of injections.



Radiotherapy treatment


Radiotherapy involves the impact on a malignant neoplasm with x-rays, which slow down the growth of the tumor. Radiotherapy is carried out using a linear accelerator, which is distributed to the tumor and lymph nodes to prevent its growth and the spread of malignant cells throughout the body.


Radiotherapy is carried out in a course of 5 days a week for 2 months. The procedure itself is completely painless and takes only a few minutes, but after the procedure, the patient is advised to rest for 2-3 hours. It is prescribed starting from the 2nd stage of prostate cancer, since radiation can affect healthy cells, causing side effects.



Performing brachytherapy


An alternative treatment for stage 2 prostate cancer is brachytherapy. The essence of this method lies in the fact that under the control of an ultrasound machine, iodized granules with a high degree of radioactivity are injected into the prostate gland. As a result, increased radiation is generated in the area of the neoplasm, and the tissues located near the tumor are almost not affected.


Brachytherapy is characterized by much fewer side effects due to its point impact.Radioactive substances are injected only into the prostate and affect only the tumor, while not affecting nearby healthy cells. This increases the effectiveness of the procedure and minimizes side effects.



Prognosis and life expectancy


Life expectancy for stage 2 prostate cancer is approximately 10-15 years, but these figures can vary up and down. Despite the fact that each case of the course of the disease is purely individual, the prognosis is quite favorable, the survival rate of patients five years after the diagnosis is almost 100%.


Life expectancy in stage 2 prostate cancer largely depends on the success of the therapy, the age of the patient and the presence of comorbidities. Most patients manage to recover completely, but this requires a competent integrated approach to solving the problem.



Diet for prostate cancer


Studies have shown that proper nutrition for stage 2 prostate cancer and adherence to a diet can help slow the progression of the disease. Men who ate only vegetable fats lived much longer. This is due to the absence of metastases. At the same time, the food included mainly oils in salads and nuts.


A special diet that reduces the risk of progression of the disease implies the exclusion from the diet of white rice, bread and confectionery. It is necessary to eat nuts, fish, legumes. Nutrition should be balanced, frequent and fractional.


Proper nutrition is combined with healthy drinks, it is necessary to exclude caffeinated drinks.